Magma

Magma (from Ancient Greek μάγμα (mágma) 'thick unguent')^[1] is the molten or semi-molten natural material from which all igneous rocks are formed.^[2] Magma (sometimes colloquially but incorrectly referred to as lava by laypeople) is found beneath the surface of the Earth, and evidence of magmatism has also been discovered on other terrestrial planets and some natural satellites.^[3] Besides molten rock, magma may also contain suspended crystals and gas bubbles.^[4]

Magma is produced by melting of the mantle or the crust in various tectonic settings, which on Earth include subduction zones, continental rift zones,^[5] mid-ocean ridges and hotspots. Mantle and crustal melts migrate upwards through the crust where they are thought to be stored in magma chambers^[6] or trans-crustal crystal-rich mush zones.^[7] During magma's storage in the crust, its composition may be modified by fractional crystallization, contamination with crustal melts, magma mixing, and degassing. Following its ascent through the crust, magma may feed a volcano and be extruded as lava, or it may solidify underground to form an intrusion,^[8] such as a dike, a sill, a laccolith, a pluton, or a batholith.^[9]

While the study of magma has relied on observing magma after its transition into a lava flow, magma has been encountered in situ three times during geothermal drilling projects, twice in Iceland (see Use in energy production) and once in Hawaii.^{[10][11][12][13]}